Tuesday, November 13, 2012

EDUCATION: WHERE ARE WE HEADING? ARE WE MISSING THE WOOD FOR THE TREES?

By Dr Uvais Ahmad, Dailymirror

The Federation of University Teachers’ Associations (FUTA) has ended its three month old strike action ostensibly demanding higher salaries for the university teachers. How futile or otherwise this entire FUTA exercise had been will be debated for sometime by all stake-holders who were affected by this action. The spokesman for FUTA while announcing the calling off of the strike had said that it was done in order to ensure that the students are not affected adversely by their Trade Union action. Ironically he also went on to state that if the concerned authorities do not live up to the promises made at discussions held to resolve the issues which led to the strike, action will be taken to resume the struggle until a satisfactory solution is brought about.
The fact that universities in the country constitute a very important factor in the preparation and training of resources that are necessary for development, university teachers have to be cared for, and all inducements provided to get on with their undoubtedly daunting tasks in this age and time in order to deliver education efficiently. They need to be abreast of developments taking place around the world in their fields of specialty. This is absolutely necessary to ensure that their products will be able to face the modern day challenges in a technology driven world. The authorities should be sensitive to these needs. Every endeavour must be made to meet their legitimate demands so that they could carry on their unenviable tasks in a way that would prove useful to the country at large.

" Brain–drain has been a term quite in vogue from the time when our education system was able to produce talented intellectuals who found plenty of opportunities to make a significant contribution in various fields of human endeavour both in Sri Lanka and outside our country "

Brain–drain has been a term quite in vogue from the time when our education system was able to produce talented intellectuals who found plenty of opportunities to make a significant contribution in various fields of human endeavour both in Sri Lanka and outside our country. It is very well known that the best of our brains are now functioning with great acceptance and recognition in many parts of the world, not only in the western hemisphere but also across Asia and the Pacific right up to the Fiji islands and Tonga. Several of them had been eminent professors and lecturers and other highly distinguished people who once served in our own universities and other national establishments.



Quite a few of them went onto serve with distinction as international civil servants with the UN and other international Organizations. We are indeed proud that our intellectuals found international acclaim and brought immense honour to our nation, but it is absolutely necessary for the authorities in the country to ensure that we do not become the poorer by the exodus of brains which are necessary to bring about qualitative improvement in the delivery of education. This makes it incumbent on those in charge of education to accept the fact that since the university teachers constitute the cream of our intelligentsia saddled with the task of nurturing acutely needed resources to take the country forward, should be an adequately motivated lot. It should, however, be clearly understood that strike action in the education sector should as far as possible be avoided and all efforts taken to resolve outstanding issues through negotiation and compromise. This is especially because teachers are not only responsible to impart knowledge but also to instill values that would make children to grow as responsible and peaceful citizens.

The Mahinda Chinthanaya, which is by and large an expression of national priorities in respect of all activities that impart the country as a whole, declares in no uncertain terms the goal of making Sri Lanka the educational hub in the region. When I read about this a few years ago I was overwhelmed by the thought that we are on the right track and will be pursuing a realizable objective given the fact that we have had a splendid track record in the field of education ever since we received independence in 1948. It has to be noted that Singapore, Malaysia and India have also made steady progress in developing themselves as Centres of Excellence in the field of education.

It is pertinent to recall that when Lee Kwan Yew became head of the state of Singapore about 50 years ago, Singapore was only a small hamlet surrounded by sea and comprising of three ethnicities – Chinese, Malays and Tamils of Indian and Sri Lankan origin. Fishing was their main occupation. Except the sea they had no other resources to talk about. At that time Lee Kwan Yew held Sri Lanka (Ceylon at that time) as a role model and declared his intention to make Singapore another Ceylon. Today we find this futuristic and persevering statesman of Singapore had made this country the envy of entire Asia.

From the outset he relied upon the creation of an educated and informed citizenry. He targeted the schools as the starting point to impart a sound value based education to the new generation of Singaporeans who have subsequently given their shoulders for the development of their country. Lee Kwan Yew never relented until the country had a sound education system with committed teachers and an energetic student population driven by an urge to excel in their studies and serve their nation. It is indeed strange that now we may have to look at Singapore for inspiration to develop our own educational programmes.

" Unfortunately, when we consider the chaotic condition in which we find our education system at all levels from the pre-school to university, one cannot but wonder whether making Sri Lanka the regional educational hub is only a distant dream "

A large number of Sri Lankan students are undergoing higher studies in Singapore and Malaysia along with countries like Australia, U.K. and the United States of America. This is done by draining away valuable foreign exchange, a sizable portion of which had been earned by unskilled workers both men and women, sometimes under extremely trying and exacting circumstances. If the Mahinda Chinthanaya objective of making our country an educational hub in the region is to become a reality we should not only retain our students in the country but also entice a large number of foreign students to pursue their studies here.



Unfortunately, when we consider the chaotic condition in which we find our education system at all levels from the pre-school to university, one cannot but wonder whether making Sri Lanka the regional educational hub is only a distant dream.

Some of the events that have unfolded before us in recent times are indeed disturbing and unless measures are taken to arrest such trends our children will face a bleak future.  
  • Teacher pupil ratio has become staggeringly high especially, in the smaller classrooms making it virtually impossible for teachers to provide individuals attention to students.
  • Prolonged and enforced delays are experienced in the correction of answer scripts.
  • Question papers set by the concerned authorities for the terminal examinations are replete with errors.
  • The university teachers supported by the university students went on strike and they are poised to strike again.
  • Evaluation criteria are found faulty.
  • Discipline in schools leave much to be desired.
  • Tuition has become a must for most of the students from primary to G.C.E A/L classes. It is also a fact that most teachers depend on private tuition to augment their small salaries to make ends meet at a time where the cost of living is rising by the day. It has also to be noted that some teachers reserve their energy during class hours in order to expend it at tuition classes. This is a dangerous trend and the authorities must find a way out of it by reviewing salaries of teachers and adopting strategies like performance based inducements.
  • There is also a severe threat of Principals and teachers going on strike and taking to the streets demanding promotions and wage increases.  
This is certainly not a comfortable or attractive educational scenario for any country aspiring to become an educational hub in the region. It is an absolute necessity to first put our house in order, in respect of education in its entirety. We need to have a holistic approach to educational development. Although education has been compartmentalized into various segments like primary, junior, secondary, tertiary and university for the sake of convenience, we need to look at education as a whole and ensure that no weak links exist.  All those involved in education must bear in mind that a weak and disabled education system as we witness today cannot produce the right calibre or undergraduates to the universities and a discontented set of university academics cannot produce graduates of high calibre from the students who are not disciplined, irresponsible and ill-prepared when they enter the portals of high learning.

" This is certainly not a comfortable or attractive educational scenario for any country aspiring to become an educational hub in the region. It is an absolute necessity to first put our house in order, in respect of education in its entirety "

One of the eye catching slogans of the recent FUTA strike was the demand for a 6% increase of in budgetary allocation for education. This is a reasonable demand and would have won a lot of sympathy and support from the general public. Facilities in the universities for both teachers and students have to improve. Senior lecturers have to be supported financially to do their research work on a regular basis. They should have sufficient exposure in other developed countries through attendance at seminars and other educational conferences. The students too should be provided with facilities conducive for learning. Large allocation of funds are needed not only to improve the quality of education but also to effect improvements at all levels within the school system. But what happens to this demand for a higher allocation for education. A recent editorial in the Daily Mirror recently titled “Into the valley of death, marched the 6%” tells it all…

Shakespeare in his play Hamlet says “something is rotten in the state of Denmark. Those who critically examine the education system in the country cannot be faulted if they borrow a few words from Shakespeare and declare that “something is rotten in the state of education in this country”. It is this “something” that has to be identified and addressed. The sooner this is done the better.

The writer was a Principal of two leading colleges, Director of teacher education in the Ministry of Education and UNESO educational advisor for the Asia Pasific region

Science & Technology: What for?

, The Island

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By Dr.C.S. Weeraratna

World Science Day fell on Nov. 10. This article examines to what extent Science and Technology has been effectively used in Sri Lanka to alleviate poverty and to advance the socio-economic development of the country.

The Science and Technology status of a country is the backbone of its development strategy. Most of the South and South East Asian countries, during the last two decades, have developed considerably by effective use of Science and Technology. In Sri Lanka, during the last decade, perhaps billions have been spent on Research and Development (R&D) but, what were the benefits the country received from all the money spent?

The General President of Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science (SLAAS), in the year 2005, in his inaugural address said, ‘What has bothered me over the years is the insignificant, almost negligible impact on economic, industrial and agricultural development that we have had from research that has been conducted over the past fifty years……." The president of the Sri Lanka Economic Association, at the SLEA annual meeting held last month, too highlighted the very low level of Science and Technology in Sri Lanka.

Scientific institutions

In Sri Lanka, there are around 30 institutions, in addition to the 14 universities, that carry out research on various aspects related to socio-economic development. The National Science Foundation (NSF), the Council for Agricultural Research Policy (CARP) and National Research Council (NRC) are expected to promote research. According to NSF data, in 2008, there were nearly 4000 scientists in Sri Lanka , 1025 in Natural Sciences, 939 in Agricultural Sciences, 927 in Engineering, 768 in Medical and 111 in Social Sciences. Almost 61% of the scientists are in universities. Out of the 4,000 scientists around 2200 have postgraduate qualifications.

NSF during 1995-2000, funded 217 research projects involving a sum of Rs. 102 millions. The details of the research projects funded by NSF since 2000 are not available .Council for Agricultural Research Policy (CARP), since its inception in 1988 to 2005, has funded about 500 projects related to agriculture, fisheries and animal husbandry, involving around Rs. 550 million. There is hardly any information available on the expenditure by NSC in promoting research. A large number of papers are presented by our scientists at numerous seminars, symposia etc. For example, during the period 2004-2008, around 1,100 papers were presented at the SLASS annual sessions. However, in spite of all these organizations and qualified scientists, Science & Technology appears to have not played a significant role in the socio-economic development of the country.

Many in S&T institutions lament that the expenditure on S&T is very low. They are of the view that a higher % of the GDP needs to be spent on development of Science and Technology. This is very true, but it is also important that the money spent is utilized properly. Various institutions spend large sums of money to purchase very expensive equipment but little is used. We do not have a centralized scientific equipment repair centre. As a result, research equipment bought at high costs is not used, may be for want of a simple repair.

In 2004, National Academy of Science of Sri Lanka held a workshop titled ‘Impediments to Science and Technology in Sri Lanka’. In the paper on "Science and Technology Development in South and Southeast Asia - A Review" presented by Dr.K.A. de Alwis, (the present President of National Academy of Science of Sri Lanka ), at this workshop highlighted a number of reasons for poor performance of S&T in Sri Lanka.

Challenges

The socio=economic problems and the challenges which we face in Sri Lanka are many, and have increased considerably during the last decade. For example, the trade deficit which was Rs. 588 billion in 2010 has almost doubled to Rs 910 billion in 2011. It is estimated that this will exceed Rs. 1,000 billion in 2012. High trade deficit is one of the factors contributing to increasing govt. debt which stands at around Rs. 6,000 billion.

A major problem we are facing is the fuel crisis. The cost of importing petroleum in 2009 was around Rs 300 billion. In 2012, it is likely to be Rs. 600 billion. A high expenditure on petroleum will widen our annual trade deficit. There have to be short, medium and long term plans to overcome the issues related to fuel crisis. The Ministry of Finance and Planning and other relevant organizations, such as, the Ministry of Power and Energy, need to formulate a plan, in consultation with relevant scientists to mitigate the increase in expenditure on fuel imports. There are similar issues which warrant the involvement of scientists and technologists.

Relevant research

The primary objective of use of Science and Technology in a developing country, such as Sri Lanka, must be the conduct of appropriate studies on critical issues and advice the authorities on relevant action to be taken. Science and Technology needs to be used to utilize locally available resources. The research efforts need to be directed more towards those aspects, which have a direct impact on the socio-economy of the country.

Vidya Jyothi Late Dr Ray Wijewardene, former Chancellor of Moratuwa University, in his presentation at the workshop on " Impediments to Science and Technology in Sri Lanka" organized by the NASSL, said, " I must admit that our scientists in Sri Lanka have failed to take a lead in helping exploit the vast resources with which this country is blessed…  and not only to the extent of ‘ writing a paper’  for some foreign journal… or publishing pious recommendations; but ensuring that their research is both socially and financially sound in the context of this (their) country."

The organizations which are involved in scientific research have the responsibilities to promote research that is needed by the country. This is why the Minister of Science & Technology, in his message to the 62nd Annual Sessions of the Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science said that. " the research effort should place more emphasis on development. Relevant research is critical for development and has a positive impact on the other development processes.

Last year, NSF very correctly initiated National Thematic Research Programme (NTRP), where the themes are decided as per the national priorities. The NSF identified ‘Energy Security’, ‘Food Security’, ‘Water Security’ and ‘Climate Change’ as the priority areas to start with under the NTRP. This programme is expected to promote research, the results of which can be harnessed for national development. Up to now the NTRP has not got off the ground.

Socio-economic development depends on a number of factors, among which is availability of appropriate technologies. The technologies developed by research need to be effectively utilized/ commercialized, for which investments have to made. Institutions, such as, Ministry of Industries, the Board of Investments etc. need to coordinate with the scientific organizations to attract investments on commercialization of proven technologies.

In fact, one of the proposals of Mahinda Chintanaya in relation to Science and Technology (Chapter 12 of Mahinda Chintanaya : Vision for News Sri Lanka) is to recognize the key role of Science and Technology as an important and essential item in national development by carrying out a number of activities such as:

a. Establishing Inter-Ministerial Co-ordination Committees

b. Including scientific and technological planning in the ministerial, sectoral and national level plans of the country

c. Integrating scientific and technological planning into the national level plans of the country and

d. Involving scientists and technologists in all relevant sectors

The National Science and Technology Policy (NSTP) of 2008, too emphasizes application of Science and Technology for national development. Among the 10 objectives of NSTP, one was to enhance Science and Technology capability for national development by making use of Science and Technology expertise in the national

planning process, and strengthening governance and policy implementation mechanisms. One of the strategies to achieve this objective was to include scientists and technologists in the formulation of national development policies and plans, review strategies, legislation in decision-making and implementation, at the national and provincial levels, properly utilizing relevant scientific data. The proposed main agencies for implementation of strategies/initiatives in relation to this objective are Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Finance and Planning , NSF, NRC, CARP, University Grants Commission, SLAAS and NASTEC. Three years have passed since this NSTP was brought to light, but no action appears to have been taken by any of the organizations indicated. The Ministry of Science and Technology (MST) should give leadership in implementing this strategy.

A few years ago, when current Speaker Chamal Rajapaksa was the Minister of Agriculture, an advisory council consisting of a number of scientists was established. The scientists who were in this council made several recommendation towards development of the agricultural sector. These recommendations were brought to the notice of the present Minister of Agriculture, but no action appears to have been taken to implement these recommendations.

Role of institutions

To make use of Science and Technology effectively, it is important that the private sector interacts with the scientists/technologists to improve their output quantitatively and qualitatively and also to reduce their COP. It is also necessary that scientific organizations in the country play appropriate roles. Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science (SLAAS) has around 4,000 members representing a number of scientific fields, such as, Medical, Dental and Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, Engineering, Architecture and Surveying, Life & Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences and Social Sciences. National Academy of Science of Sri Lanka (NASSL) has around 125 scientists who have achieved excellence in their respective scientific / technological fields. One of the objectives of NASSL is to act as a consultative body to the government of Sri Lanka on all matters and activities related to the application of Science and Technology in national development. There are many other professional associations which could play a prominent role in making Science & Technology beneficial to the country.

It is also important that the chairmen/ directors of the numerous government research/technological organizations are scientists qualified in the respective fields. We have a number of research related organizations, such as, CARP, Agrarian Research & Training Institute, Institute for Post Harvest Technology, Rubber Research Institute manned by non-scientists. According to the Sugarcane Research Act, the minister responsible for the Sugarcane Research Institute should nominate three eminent scientists to the board. But, the minister’s nominees are not eminent scientists, making the SRI Board illegal.

It is up to the Secretaries of ministries, chairmen of Boards and other institutions to make use of the human resources available in the country in the formulation of national development policies and plans, review strategies, legislation, and in decision-making and implementation, at the national and provincial levels, as proposed in Mahinda Chintanaya. The Advisor on Science Technology to the President, and the Minster of Science & Technology, need to take the lead in getting the scientists / technologists involved in the formulation and implementation of development plans, if Sri Lanka is going to be the Miracle of Asia.

csweera@sltnet.lk